YOU WERE LOOKING FOR: Anatomy And Physiology Lab Exam
For simplicity anatomists divide animal tissues into four types, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and epithelial tissue based upon their structural features. At the magnification possible with a standard lab light microscope,...
As you later study the pathway of arteries, veins and nerves through the body keep this tissue structure in mind. Tissue sub-types are identified by their shape and the ability of the cells to take up various dyes. What is seen in the microscope is...
One is probably familiar to you as skeletal muscle. Notice how the motor neuron branches at its end to control individual muscle cells. The stripes on the cells are hallmarks of muscle tissue. The shape of the striped cells identifies it as skeletal muscle. The string like branching of the motor neuron is typical of nerves.
When dissecting fresh tissues, the nerves will look like white string. They are dark in this photomicrograph because of the dye needed to see them in a tissue section. It is a cross section of a trachea that includes connective tissue, cartilage, and epithelial cilia covering the organs air surface. Beneath the cilia and above the cartilage are glands that are also composed of epithelial cells. The cartilage holds the trachea open so that air can flow to the lungs. The glands are there to secrete mucus to trap unwanted particles in the air before they get to the lungs. The cilia motion drives the mucus toward the mouth to expel it from the body. Overtime you will come to recognize the patterns of cells you observe with the light microscope. When you are just beginning list what types of tissue layers you observe and then think about how those tissue may help a body organ achieve a function. John Minarcik. Even though I have used a microscope in my scientific studies for decades, when I am in doubt about a human tissue, I go ask a pathologist for help.
Watch this video by Dr. Minarcik then look again at the photomicrograph or the cross section of the trachea. For more videos by Dr. A very nice feature of this series of YouTube videos is that you can view them enough times that the images become familiar to you. Familiar images are memorable images. Also, the various parts of each image will make greater sense to you.
It is much easier to remember an image when there is logic to the detail. With this kind of help, tissue anatomy lab exam may convert to be your easiest lab practical exam. Further reading Human Tissue Histology Do you have questions? Please put your questions in the comment box or send them to me by email at DrReece MedicalScienceNavigator. I read and reply to all comments and email. If you find this article helpful share it with your fellow students or send it to your favorite social media site by clicking on one of the buttons below. Reece is passionate about helping students, online and in person, pursue careers in life sciences.
For safety reasons, students must wear closed shoes. No open-toed shoes or sandals are permitted in the labs. Assessments Grades are assigned on the following basis: Lab Exam I.
Think through what you would do if you had to write the lab practical for your course. What questions would you ask and how would you set it up? Designing a lab exam is problematical. All instructors want their students do well on their lab practical. How tricky would you have to be setting up the exam with the resources available? Or, could you label the models in a less tricky fashion?
Anatomy study tips Step 1: Look around — what to use for test questions? Having designed my share of lab practical exams, here are some things I would like to share. There are about as many ways to teach and test in an anatomy lab as there are anatomy instructors. Most instructors are limited by the equipment and the models that are on hand. What is available for your course? Do you have charts, plastic models, an articulated skeleton, microscopes, glass slides? Or, do you view your tissue slides on electronic boards?
Where can labels be put that touch only a distinct body part? Do you get to perform dissections of animal bodies with your own hands? Or are you shown videos of dissections? If your lab has a model labeled like the illustration above, it would probably be a good idea to know the names that go with the numbers. Better yet know how each of those body parts function, what does it do?
Remember that muscle, nerve, blood vessel names have meaning. They can be translated from the Latin to descriptive words that are familiar to you. It is much easier to remember them when you understand the descriptions. And the descriptions tell you what they do. There are usually so many possibilities for questions that most instructors will try to lead you toward what they think are the key items you should know. Watch closely and listen during demonstrations. Better to ask a simple question than to appear to be dreaming about something else. For which laboratory projects are you provided the most help?
Is part of your grade going to reflect whether you jump in and try things for yourself? Is part of the grade going to be a reflection of how well you work in a team with the other students? If you do not know, ask your instructor. Your lab participation will probably be a significant part of your lab grade. Step 3: Study the main body parts — do not try to learn all human anatomy If you are headed for any kind of medical training, now is the time to really focus upon getting right and left body parts clear in your mind.
It will continue to come up. Get in the habit of naming the parts of the appendages as right and left. Be able to identify the difference between a male and female pelvis. Pay attention to the shape and parts of each vertebra. Shape reveals where in the vertebral column each is found. Where in the vertebral column would the two below be found? What is there about a vertebra that tells you its location? What special function does each type support? So, get a list from your instructor of which you need to know. The list of muscles used in most anatomy courses usually includes the larger and easier to find muscles rather than the small deep muscles. Focus your study on the origin and insertion of the largest muscles on the list. Also notice that muscles are named for the bones to which they are connected, and for the movements they create.
Actually, by the time you finish your anatomy course, you will recognize that sectors of the body are named in sets. The names of the muscles follow the names of the bones as do the blood vessels and nerves. Step 4: Look for patterns in the tissue under the microscope For many this is the hardest part of anatomy lab. Getting a tissue section into focus under the microscope is a challenge. Then it is hard to recognize parts of the tissue without help from someone who already knows them. Do not feel bad that you cannot immediately see what you think must be there.
Tissue slide on microscope stage. Now there is a pathologist, Dr. John Minarcik, who has placed a wonderful series of videos on YouTube to help us all understand tissue sections learned in anatomy lab. They are short and you will be surprised by how much they help. Step 5: Cadaver dissection — proceed cautiously If you are to do cadaver dissection or animal dissection with your own hands, treat the body of your cadaver with respect. This was once a living creature who will now share with you the beauty of how its body is organized. Muscles will probably be dissected first, and they are held together by tough tissue named fascia. It is better to pull apart the connective tissues around muscles than to cut at random with a knife or scissors. Cadaver muscles are never as distinct as shown in plastic laboratory models or in the pictures of your book.
In fact actual muscles tend to be finer and flatter. They will separate cleaner and tear less if you tease them apart with your fingers. If you become careless with the scissors blood vessels and nerves may no longer be there when you need to find them. Nerves will appear to be white strings in the tissue, like those in the forces in the image. Blood vessels and nerves run together in vascular bundles.
Look for the blood vessels in the image. Most Important! Discover the part of the information that your instructor hopes you will learn by asking questions. Even medical specialists do not know every part of the human body in precise detail. A medical doctor who is an expert at hip joint surgery will spend little if any time studying the latest techniques for heart surgery. Once you become aware of the specific anatomy you need to study, try to prepare some questions about it yourself.
How would you select the most important items for testing? I hope these suggestions help you get past the nervousness that the anatomy practical causes. You may also find information on the following posts and pages helpful. Further reading:.
Observation, hypothesis testing, experimentation, application of technology, statistical methodologies will all be discussed in both lectures and labs. These processes will be implemented in labs. There will be three opportunities in the lab. Students will be introduced to topics and equipment by performing a short directed inquiry-based experiment. Current examples will be used. Students will gather some of this info via their research assignments.
Recent examples from the media that can be used are: 1 Hormone Replacement Therapy or not? Millions of women have been placed on estrogen supplements in order to "replace" the decreased levels of this hormone as they age. This has been previously thought to be beneficial for women in a number of ways decreased bone loss, decreased cardiovascular problems, decreased cancer risks. This recommendation was based on a few studies involving limited numbers of women.
A recent very large study has actually "shown" that HRT can increase the risk of certain types of cancers and does not seem to be protective of the cardiovascular system. We will take a careful look at the factors that lead to these conflicting recommendations. A similar approach will be taken in examining the following issues: 2 Calcium supplements or not? Again from recent mass media: 1 Food "Supplements" Are the claims made for a wide variety of food supplements such as St. John's wort true? Is this type of advertising legal? What kinds of laws govern this type of food product? Is there a difference? The team physician and trainers say 'Stay away from them' but some of your teammates say those warnings are just scare tactics, and that lots of players take them.
Where do you turn to for unbiased information? Does it exist? How do you evaluate it? This will occur primarily in the lab portion although many focused lecture discussions will address the scientific processes used hypothesis testing, etc. This course is designed so that you will: 1 Plan investigations; 2 Collect, analyze, and interpret data; 3 Develop your ability to propose answers, offer explanations, and make predictions. The above will be developed primarily in the lab although there will be many "thought' experiments that I will ask the students to design throughout the semester.
We will have much more opportunity to discuss these issues in lecture but these issues will be addressed at least a few times in lab. You will have multiple opportunities to develop your skills of: 1 Critical thinking, multiple opportunities every day 2 Reading of scientific reports, primarily in class 3 Technical writing for purposes of scientific communication, email assignments 4 Verbally presenting scientific material primarily in lab and careful listening to discussions to allow comprehension of the material 5 Conducting research. This is absolutely inherent in the course - both lecture and lab; there will not be a day that we do not discuss some sort of technology, its use and perhaps its potential for misuse.
Further Reading Functions of the Muscular System Producing movement is a common function of all muscle types, but skeletal muscle plays three other important roles in the body as well. Producing movement. Mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for all locomotion; they enable us to respond quickly to changes in the external environment. Maintaining posture. We are rarely aware of the skeletal muscles that maintain body posture, yet they function almost continuously, making one tiny adjustment after another so that we can maintain an erect or seated posture despite the never-ending downward pull of gravity.
Stabilizing joints. As the skeletal muscles pull on bones to cause movements, they also stabilize the joints of the skeleton; muscle tendons are extremely important in reinforcing and stabilizing joints that have poorly fitting articulating surfaces. Generating heat. The fourth function of muscle, generation of body heat, is a by-product of muscle activity; as ATP is used to power muscle contraction, nearly three-quarters of its energy escape as heat and this heat is vital in maintaining normal body temperature. Anatomy of the Muscular System.
Phone: If you have a grievance, complaint, or concern about this course that has not been resolved through discussion with the Instructor, please consult the Department Chair. Course Information Description The lab provides a hands-on learning experience for exploration of human system components and basic physiology. Systems to be studied include endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive including nutrition , urinary including fluid and electrolyte balance , and reproductive including human development and genetics. Prerequisites The lab provides an online learning experience for exploration of human system components and basic physiology.
Corequisite s : BIOL Demonstrate an understanding of the general function of the endocrine system including, mechanisms of hormone action, regulation of hormone release, hormone actions, and endocrine glands, and endocrine disorders and treatments. Demonstrate an understanding of blood composition, blood functions, blood disorders, heart anatomy and function. Demonstrates an understanding of the location of the major arteries and veins of the vascular system as well as the function of the circulatory system.
Demonstrate an understanding of the anatomy and functions of the structures of the GI system, the structure and GI functions of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas, and the various metabolic and nutritional processes involved in digestion. Demonstrate an understanding of the location and function s of the structures of the male and female reproductive structures. Demonstrate an understanding of reading material including relevant terminology. PSLO alpha Measured by pre-post test questions. PSLO 4 Measured by group assignments in the lab portion of the course. The same textbook may also be available from an independent retailer, including an online retailer. It is published by Morton Publishing.
The ISBN for this book is The ISBN number for the lecture textbook only is Instructions for purchase are posted in the Course Information folder on the course website. Lecture Topics.
In Elementary Biology, you learn that structure, even at the level of molecular biology, is directly tied to function. Anatomy and Physiology classes apply this rule in much greater detail. You gain in-depth knowledge of structures in the Anatomy sections of the course, and you are introduced to the specific implications of these structures in the Physiology section. Instruction in Anatomy often begins by discussing bodily structures including muscles, bones, organs, connective tissues, nerves, and vasculature. You learn the mechanics of these structures, implementing some biophysics material into your understanding of biological structures. It becomes important to understand the mechanical properties of various tissues during the physiological analysis, including force-tension analyses, bone structures, bioelectrical conduction, and other characteristics of muscle, bone, and nerves. In Anatomy, you also need to learn the names and positions of numerous structures, which requires a great deal of memorization.
You become familiar with the actions, origins, and insertions of muscles, as well as the various protrusions and contours of the bones. Neuroanatomy is often a point of focus, requiring you to learn both the topical anatomy of the brain and the sub-cortical structures. Neural and muscular anatomy generally compose the majority of Anatomy course content. Anatomy is essentially the foundation from which you can build an understanding of Physiology.
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